Many cars’ headlights work poorly, study finds, with big gap between best and worst

There is a reason many people have trouble seeing while driving at night, and it’s not necessarily their eyesight. A new rating of the headlights of more than 30 midsized car models gave only one model a grade of “good.”

Of the rest, about a third were rated “acceptable,” a third “marginal” and a third “poor.” The difference between the top- and bottom-rated models for a driver’s ability to see down a dark road was substantial, according to the study released Wednesday by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, an industry-funded organization that evaluates automotive safety.

The LED headlights in the top trim level Toyota Prius v — the only one of 31 models tested to get the “good” rating — were able to illuminate a straight roadway sufficiently to see a pedestrian, bicyclist or obstacle up to 387 feet ahead. At that distance, the vehicle could be traveling up to 70 mph and still have time to stop.

But halogen headlights in the BMW 3 series, the worst-rated ones, were able to illuminate only 128 feet ahead. At that distance, the vehicle couldn’t be traveling at more than 35 mph and still have time to stop, according to the study.

That’s important because of the more than 32,000 traffic deaths last year, about half happened at night or during dawn and dusk when visibility is lower.

The reason for the big performance gap is that there’s a lot more to how well headlights help drivers see than merely the brightness of the bulb or even what type of bulb is used, said David Zuby, the institute’s executive vice president and chief researcher.

“We found the same light bulb, depending upon what reflector or lens it’s paired with and how it’s mounted on the vehicle, can give you very different visibility down the road,” he said.

It gets more complicated. Consumers can’t buy a more expensive model or add an expensive technology package and necessarily expect to get better headlights, the report said. The halogen headlights in the economically priced base model four-door Honda Accord, for example, earned an acceptable rating while halogen and LED headlights in two pricier Mercedes-Benz models were rated poor.

Zuby said with no reliable clues such as the price of the car or the type of light, it’s hard for consumers to figure out which vehicles will provide the safest visibility. He recommended car buyers check the institute’s ratings at www.iihs.org.

The report comes as halogen lamps are being replaced by LED and high-intensity discharge, or HID, lamps in many vehicles. Headlights that swivel with the car’s steering to help see around curves are also becoming more widespread. Although these changes can have advantages, they don’t guarantee good performance, the report said.

Researchers tested the headlights after dark at the institute’s test track in Ruckersville, Va. A special device measured the light from both low beams and high beams as the vehicles were driven on five different approaches: traveling straight, a sharp left curve, a sharp right curve, a gradual left curve and a gradual right curve. Researchers also evaluated headlights for excessive glare.

They were surprised to find how much headlights varied from the base model to higher-trim or accessory packages, Zuby said. Eighty-two different headlight systems were available for the 31 2016 models assessed in the study. To get the top-rated headlights in the Prius v, consumers would have to buy the advanced technology package, which is available only in the top trim level. Standard halogen lights without high-beam assist in less expensive Prius v trim levels received a poor rating.

High-beam assist automatically adjusts the headlamp range for the distance of vehicles ahead or oncoming traffic.

Toyota officials declined to comment.

BMW said in a statement that the company was disappointed by the ratings but remains confident that its headlight systems are “very effective” for a variety of differently priced models.

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Mercedes-Benz said in a statement that it was “greatly surprised” by the test and remains “confident our lighting systems provide important safety benefits for real-world conditions.”

Government standards for judging the performance of headlights “are essentially unchanged” since they were set back in the 1960s, Zuby said.

“In the standard, they are measuring the light coming out of the light source — right in front of the light bulb, in essence — and not looking at how the light is projected down the road, which is what our tests do,” he said.

The institute hopes its study will encourage the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to improve standards or inspire automakers to make better headlights on their own, Zuby said.

Here are the findings of the IIHS study, which looked at the best available headlight system on each of these 31 models of 2016 midsize cars.

Only the Toyota Prius v had headlights rated “good.”

Headlights rated “acceptable” were found on the Audi A3, Honda Accord four-door, Infiniti Q50, Lexus ES, Lexus IS, Mazda 6, Nissan Maxima, Subaru Outback (built after Nov. 2015), Volkswagen CC, Volkswagen Jetta and Volvo S60.

Headlights rated “marginal” were found on the Acura TLX, Audi A4, BMW 2 series, BMW 3 series, Chrysler 200, Ford Fusion, Lincoln MKZ, Subaru Legacy and Toyota Camry.

Headlights rated “poor” were found on the Buick Verano, Cadillac ATS, Chevrolet Malibu, Chevrolet Malibu Limited (fleet model), Hyundai Sonata, Kia Optima, Mercedes-Benz C-Class, Mercedes-Benz CLA, Nissan Altima and Volkswagen Passat.

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