Satyam's $1-billion fraud shakes India

The U.S. has its Wall Street meltdown and the Bernard Madoff investment scandal. India has Ramalinga Raju, who appears to have perpetrated the nation's largest corporate scandal in recent memory.

What has people really scratching their heads is the way the 54-year-old Raju, co-founder of Satyam Computer Services Ltd., chose to signal the game was up: with what some have dubbed a "come-and-get-me" letter released Wednesday that detailed how he'd perpetrated the fraud.

In his mea culpa, Raju lays out how small amounts of fake profits and cash accounts built up over several years until the gap between real and imaginary assets eventually approached $1 billion.

"It was like riding a tiger, not knowing how to get off without being eaten," he wrote. He added that he alone was responsible, his board was blameless and that even top managers had no idea of the fraud.

Some observers are skeptical. "It's impossible to believe he acted alone," said Surjit Bhalla, managing director of Oxus Fund Management in New Delhi. The government appears to agree.

Late Friday, it stripped Satyam's directors of their power, ordered them replaced by independent board members and arrested Raju and his brother on charges of conspiracy, forgery, fraud and criminal breach of trust, according to local media reports. The arrests ended two days of speculation that he had fled to Texas; Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates; or some other distant hideaway.

Questions have also been raised about how top global accounting firm PriceWaterhouseCooper signed off on Satyam's books for eight years and how regulators in India, Europe and the United States apparently failed to pick up any whiff of problems. The accounting firm has denied any wrongdoing and pledged to cooperate with authorities.

Satyam, based in Hyderabad, provided back-office operations for hundreds of corporations, including billing and system integration and technology support. The company grew from its original 20 employees to 53,000 people in 66 countries. Raju picked up 185 Fortune 500 clients -- General Electric, Nestle and Microsoft among them -- becoming an example of India's high-tech ambitions while drawing the ire of U.S. and European labor groups fearful of job losses.

Though there's little evidence that the fraud leaked over to Indian banks or hurt Satyam's customers, shareholders have watched the value of their investment all but disappear. And one Indian job website reported receiving 15,000 resumes from Satyam workers this week.

"Raju has cheated me and millions of shareholders," said Rajesh Shrivastava, 43, a businessman who owns 5,000 shares. "I still fail to believe that I have almost lost everything. The god of IT has failed me."

Those who have spent time with Raju describe him as a modest, thoughtful, seemingly honest man.

"All of us who know him are quite shocked," said Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, managing director of Bangalore-based Biocon, a biotech company. "I always thought I was such a good judge of character. Obviously I'm not."

In retrospect, Raju's story is rich with such ironies.

"Satyam" means "truth" in Sanskrit. And Raju's shelves groaned under the weight of honorary doctorate degrees and good-governance and creative entrepreneur awards.

But not everyone was impressed with the chief executive who loved science fiction, spicy Andhra Pradesh food and hiring people who could speak his native Telugu language.

"If you walk around Dalal Street, our equivalent of Wall Street, there's surprise but not shock," said Ramesh Damani, a member of the Bombay Stock Exchange.

"There was always a sense there was creative bookkeeping, although not necessarily fraud."

Traders speak of a smell test that left Satyam trading at lower price-to-earnings multiples, a measure of earnings potential, than other Indian IT giants in its class such as Infosys Technologies Ltd. The company seemed willing to give away far too much to reach a deal with brand-name global companies, said a lawyer involved in several deals with Raju.