The folks behind those initials
Obesity is a national health crisis -- or it isn’t. Vaccines cause autism -- or they don’t. Think of any current health controversy, and you can be sure that plenty of experts have already taken opposite sides.
Some of the most influential and vocal health experts belong to advocacy organizations such as the Center for Science in the Public Interest and the American Council on Science and Health. These groups have well-oiled publicity machines, connections in Washington and a proven ability to show up in news stories. But who are they, and what do they stand for?
In large part, they stand for controversy. “Consumer groups will run with an issue if they think it will get them publicity and funding,” says Robert Mayer, a professor of family and consumer studies at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. That doesn’t automatically mean that the issues championed by the groups aren’t valid -- but it helps, when assessing their words, to know more about them. Here, the Healthy Skeptic takes a look at a few of the groups behind the press releases.
American Council on Science and Health
The ACSH calls itself an “independent, nonprofit, tax-exempt organization” with an advisory board of 350 physicians, scientists and policy experts. The organization says 40% of its funding comes from corporations, although it doesn’t specify which ones. Previous donors to ACSH have included Anheuser-Busch, Coca-Cola and Bristol-Myers, according to the Center for Media and Democracy, a Madison, Wis.-based nonprofit organization that publishes PR Watch, a quarterly newsletter that tracks advocacy organizations and PR groups.
That money doesn’t buy loyalty, says ACSH associate director Jeff Stier: “I have no problem accepting funds from corporations as long as there are no strings attached.”
With one notable exception -- tobacco -- the ACSH generally sides with industry on every health controversy, says Sheldon Rampton, research director for the Center for Media and Democracy. Some of these stances are well-supported by science. For instance, the group has debunked claims that childhood vaccines cause autism, a position that puts them in the same camp as most scientists and public health experts. On the other hand, the group also dismisses any suggestion that phthalate compounds in plastics pose health risks, a threat that most experts say is still an open question.
“They have quite a few legitimate scientists on their board,” Mayer says. (The panel that investigated phthalates in the late 1990s was headed by former Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop.) Although they don’t always reach the same conclusions as other consumer watchdog groups, they genuinely do seem interested in consumer safety and real science, he adds.
“We’re controversial,” Stier says. “We’re always looking for areas where there’s a gap between conventional wisdom and science.”
The Center for Consumer Freedom
The CCF calls itself a “nonprofit organization devoted to promoting personal responsibility and protecting consumer choices.” Founder Rick Berman, a Washington lobbyist, says his organization collects money from more than 100 companies, but he keeps the identity of donors secret, even from his own staff. According to the Center for Media and Democracy, past supporters of CCF include the American Beverage Institute, Monsanto, Tyson Foods and Wendy’s.
The CCF has staked out some unusual territory in the health wars. The group has criticized Mothers Against Drunk Driving and fought against lowering the blood alcohol content thresholds for DUI laws. It strongly opposed a law requiring nutrition labeling in New York City restaurants. And it has frequently claimed that junk food doesn’t cause obesity. For that matter, it believes that the entire obesity “crisis” is little more than media hype.
“We’re libertarians,” says Justin Wilson, a senior researcher at CCF. “Our convictions are founded on science.” He claims that obesity is good for the economy -- all of those diet plans and doctor visits keep money flowing. He also says consumers deserve “full information” on health topics, as long as it doesn’t interfere with their choices. “We should all be able to enjoy a meal guilt-free.”
The CCF is often criticized as an unflinching mouthpiece for industry, especially food and beverage companies. “They are a completely self-serving operation,” Mayer says. Rampton is more blunt: “[Berman] would promote arsenic if the arsenic industry paid him,” he says.
Center for Science in the Public Interest
This organization, publisher of the Nutrition Action Healthletter, is best known for its reports detailing the nutritional excesses of Italian restaurants, Chinese restaurants and movie theater concession stands. It once memorably dubbed the dish fettuccine Alfredo (typically more than 1,000 calories and 50 grams of saturated fat per restaurant portion) “a heart attack on a plate.”
Often derided as the “food police” by the Center for Consumer Freedom, CSPI provides reliable information to reporters, politicians and the general public, Rampton says. “A lot of their funding comes from subscriptions to the newsletter,” he says. “Readers expect them to be thorough and practical. That keeps them honest.”
The group may go overboard occasionally -- did anyone really need a breathless press release to know that buttered popcorn is fattening? -- but it generally takes a “level-headed” approach to nutrition, Mayer says. He singles out CSPI’s open-minded stance on genetically modified food: “They could probably sell more [newsletters] if they claimed that you’d turn into Frankenstein by eating GMO corn.”
Michael Jacobson, executive director of CSPI, says the organization does not accept money from corporations or government agencies. “We believe in personal responsibility, but we believe in industry responsibility too.”
Public Citizen
This group, founded by Ralph Nader in 1971, takes public stands on health and safety issues involving pollution, medicine and consumer products. Like CSPI, it’s funded mainly by individuals and subscriptions to newsletters, including the monthly Worst Pills, Best Pills, a continuation of the book by the same name. It doesn’t take money from corporations or the government.
Some of Public Citizen’s most high-profile work has been in the field of drug safety. The group may have a tendency to overstate the dangers of prescription drugs, but for good reason, Mayer says. “They have to push against drug companies who claim that everything can be cured with a pill.” In general, its positions on medications and other products tends to be well-supported by science, he adds. “They’ve done a good job of identifying risky drugs that were later pulled off the market.”
Public Citizen sounded the alarm on the painkiller Vioxx in 2001, three years before Merck withdrew the drug over concerns about heart risks.
“We do our own research, and we publish in medical journals,” says Peter Lurie, deputy director of Public Citizen’s Health Research Group. “We feel that a large fraction of new drugs offer few benefits over existing drugs.” Patients should avoid such new drugs for at least seven years until their safety can be established, he says. “We’re not against all medications. When we warn against a particular drug, we almost always recommend a different drug instead.”
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
You can’t tell from the name, but PCRM is dedicated to animal rights. Among other activities, the group lobbies against animal research, touts the health benefits of meat-free diets and rails against dairy as a cancer-causer. It runs “The Cancer Project,” which promotes a vegan diet through activities such as free cooking classes.
PCRM claims to have more than 100,000 members, including about 5,000 physicians. The group says it is funded by individual contributions and subscriptions to its quarterly magazine, Good Medicine, along with occasional grants from the federal government and private foundations.
The general public should understand that every position from PCRM stems from its commitment to animal rights, Rampton says. The group trumpets research showing that too much red meat can increase the risk of heart disease. But instead of encouraging moderation, the group recommends vegetarian diets. “It’s healthy advice, but health doesn’t seem to be their primary intention,” Rampton says.
Dan Kinburn, general counsel for PCRM, says that the group always cites scientific data when it files a lawsuit or issues a press release. “Nobody has ever disputed the science,” he says. “Instead, they attack our motives. We believe that a vegan diet is a superior diet. We don’t think there’s any good data that even small amounts of milk or meat are good for you.”
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