A crisis it can’t paper over

It has come to this: Zimbabwe is about to run out of the paper to print money on.

Fidelity Printers & Refiners, the state-owned company that tirelessly churns out bank notes for the Robert Mugabe regime, was thrown into a crisis early this month after a German company stopped supplying bank note paper because of concerns over Zimbabwe’s recent violent presidential election, widely seen as fraudulent by international observers.

The printing operation drastically slowed. Two-thirds of the 1,000-strong workforce was ordered to go on leave, and two of the three money-printing shifts were canceled.

The result on the streets was an immediate cash crunch.

“If you think this currency shortage is bad, wait two weeks. By then it will be a disaster,” said a senior Fidelity staffer, who spoke to The Times on condition of anonymity because he would face dismissal and possible violence for talking to a Western journalist. The paper will run out in two weeks, he said.

Fidelity Printers is Mugabe’s lifeline. It prints the money to pay the police, soldiers and intelligence organs that keep the regime in power. Lately, the money has been used to set up a network of command bases around the country staffed by liberation war veterans and youth militias, hired muscle to terrify the population into voting for Mugabe in the June 27 presidential runoff election.

If the regime can’t pay the security forces on which it relies, it would face economic paralysis -- and potential collapse.

Zimbabwe’s economic meltdown harks back to the collapse of its major export industry, commercial farming, after Mugabe’s controversial land reform program early in the decade. That left the nation starved of foreign exchange, but government spending went on.

How did it do that? It printed money. But printing more and more money without an increase in productivity fueled rampant hyperinflation.

As hyperinflation spiraled last year, Fidelity printed million-dollar notes, then 5-million, 10-million, 25-million, 50-million. This year, it has been forced to print 100-million, 250-million and 500-million notes in rapid succession, all now practically worthless. The highest denomination is now 50 billion Zimbabwean dollars (worth a U.S. dollar on the street).

Despite the recent currency shortage, the Zimbabwean dollar has continued to slide against the U.S. dollar and shopkeepers are still increasing their prices steeply. The price of the state-owned Herald newspaper has leaped from 200,000 Zimbabwean dollars early this month to 25 billion now. Before the crunch, a beer at a bar in Harare, the capital, cost 15 billion Zimbabwean dollars. At 5 p.m. July 4, it cost 100 billion ($4 at the time) in the same bar.

An hour later, the price had gone up to 150 billion ($6).

Apart from the paper crisis, the real fear inside Fidelity is that its software license for the European bank note design technology that it uses could be withdrawn because of new sanctions threatened against the Mugabe regime, the staffer said. The design department is crucial: It must constantly conceive new notes as those on the streets are rendered worthless by hyperinflation.

“If that happened, that would be it,” the staffer said.

The internal workings of Fidelity Printers have been one of the regime’s best-kept secrets for years. But as the government looks increasingly tenuous, institutions that were once impossible to penetrate are starting to show cracks.

Fidelity may be the beating heart of the regime, but the staffer revealed an institution under severe pressure.

The place pulsates with sound and smells of ink. The printing machines are old and frequently break down, requiring spare parts from Germany, which will no longer arrive. Workers are unhappy about salaries and fear for their jobs because of the paper shortage.

“When the machines were operating 24 hours a day, there was so much pressure on the employees that they just could not take,” he said. “You couldn’t take time off. Even weekends, people had to come in.

“People are aware that printing money is also one of the causes of the inflation. But you know, it’s a job. You’ve got to do it.”

Now that the production has slowed, the pressure of working full time is replaced with the terror of being laid off, he said. The plant is planning to use paper from a local producer, but that manufacturer already has trouble meeting its orders for paper for checks.

As the currency shortage took hold on the streets this month, the capital’s myriad currency dealers found it harder to make a profit.

Here’s how the currency black market works: Dealers get local currency illegally through the back door of the reserve bank or from tellers who will provide cash in return for a payoff. They sell it at a profit to locals with foreign currency, gotten by trading in neighboring countries or through remittances from Zimbabwe’s huge diaspora.

On the first floor of a building downtown, the black market currency-dealing offices attract some of the city’s best and brightest young graduates.

One office looks like something out of a Chicago gangster movie. The boss, impeccably dressed, sits behind a desk. On his right, in a white cap and suit, sits one of the dealers. A Mugabe election poster is plastered on the wall. On a cabinet is a framed $10 note -- which generates as much nostalgia around here as a much-loved but extinct fluffy mammal.

“That was real money,” cracks the boss.

Everyone laughs, though the joke is not funny.

Tendei, 34, one of the black market dealers, gave up a good job as sales manager of a large Western company in 2003 because the salary did not cover his commuting and other costs.

In recent weeks, until the German paper supply stopped, the government had accelerated its money printing, with fresh notes constantly seen on the streets.

“They were just printing money to pay all the militias,” Tendei said. “Inflation is now out of control. Nobody can control it.”

For most Zimbabweans, the economic crisis boils down to one thing: how to put food on the table. It’s a difficult trick when you have no job, or if the bus fare costs more than your pay, and the prices in shops keep going up.

“Everyone is struggling to keep up with this mounting pressure, day by day,” said John Robertson, an independent economist here. “It’s a thing that gradually creeps up. Some people have already succumbed. Some factories have closed. More are likely to succumb as prices rise.”

Another independent economist, Tony Hawkins, said Zimbabwe’s economy was imploding so fast, some major factories were reporting that it would be a matter of weeks before they would be forced to shut down.

“The beer and Coke guys are saying they have only six to eight weeks before they will have to close,” Hawkins said. “Some of the smaller banks are screaming. It’s accelerating downhill. It’s got its own momentum now. Just sit back and watch.

“Everything is imploding at the same time. You just get the sense that they can’t hold on much longer.”

Everyone at Fidelity Printers knows the money printing is propping up Mugabe, the staffer said. Despite the threat to their jobs, some secretly hope for breakdowns and paper shortages, he said.

“I’m happy about this crisis caused by the unavailability of paper,” the staffer said. “Because maybe it might lead to a change of things in this country.”