Inflammation Linked to Heart Attacks
Worse than cholesterol? Hard to believe, perhaps, but the top health concern of millions of Americans is about to be trumped by what doctors say is an even bigger trigger of heart attacks.
The condition is low-grade inflammation, which may originate in a variety of unlikely places throughout the body, including excess fat. New federal recommendations are being written that will urge doctors to test millions of middle-aged Americans for it.
The discovery of its surprising ill effects is causing a top-to-bottom rethinking of the origins and prevention of heart trouble. Doctors call it a revolutionary departure from viewing the world’s top killer as largely a plumbing problem blamed on cholesterol-clogged arteries, the standard theory through the modern era of cardiology.
“The implications of this are enormous,” says Dr. Paul Ridker of Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “It means we have an entire other way of treating, targeting and preventing heart disease that was essentially missed because of our focus solely on cholesterol.”
In the last year or two, experts say, the evidence has become overwhelming that inflammation hidden deep in the body is a common trigger of heart attacks, even when clogging in the arteries is minimal. Now the main question is: How aggressively should otherwise healthy people be tested to find and treat it?
The new recommendations are still being drawn up, but they will offer the first formal blueprint to answer this, probably in the fall. Doctors writing them say they will almost certainly recommend broad testing.
Inflammation can be measured with a generic $10 test that looks for high levels of a chemical called C-reactive protein, one of many that increase during inflammation. Experts expect it to quickly become a standard part of physical exams. As a result, many people ordinarily considered at low risk will probably be put on statin drugs, which lower inflammation as well as cholesterol.
No one disputes the importance of cholesterol, but half of all heart attack victims have levels that are normal or even low. Clearly, something big was missing from the equation and that appears to be inflammation.
Ridker estimates that between 25 million and 35 million healthy middle-aged Americans have normal cholesterol but above-average inflammation, putting them at unusual risk of heart attacks and strokes.
A series of landmark studies by his team, beginning in 1997, suggest that inflammation is more important than cholesterol at triggering heart attacks. They found those with high levels of C-reactive protein have twice the risk of people with elevated cholesterol.
High amounts of the protein also predict increased risk of heart attacks and strokes years before they occur, even when cholesterol levels are low. Having both inflammation and high cholesterol together is especially ominous, resulting in a ninefold increase in risk.
Everyone who reaches middle age has some degree of fatty buildup, called plaque, in the heart arteries. The new evidence suggests that it becomes threatening if weakened by inflammation, which makes it squishy and fragile. Even a small lump of plaque can burst like an overripe fruit, prompting formation of a clot that in turn chokes off blood flow and causes a heart attack.
Many people with no outward signs of anything wrong have high levels of internal inflammation. It is exactly the same sort that causes swelling, heat and redness during infections or allergic rashes.
Doctors believe that the internal inflammation has many possible sources. Often, the plaque itself becomes inflamed as white blood cells invade in a misguided defense attempt. But inflammation that arises elsewhere apparently can be as bad, for it bombards the plaque with damaging chemicals.
For instance, fat cells churn out these inflammatory proteins, which helps explain why being overweight is so bad for the heart. Other possible triggers include high blood pressure, smoking and lingering low-level infections, such as chronic gum disease.
Although many chemicals increase during inflammation, C-reactive protein is particularly easy to measure. Some already test for it, including White House doctors, who checked President Bush’s level last summer. (His was extremely low.)
In March, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Assn. held a meeting of 50 experts in Atlanta to review the scientific evidence on inflammation and make recommendations.
These are still being discussed, but some doctors involved say they will probably urge screening for people already considered at mild to moderate risk of heart attacks. These include smokers and those with a combination of other less ominous risks, such as being middle-aged and having borderline high cholesterol or blood pressure. For instance, they might recommend testing for a 45-year-old man with cholesterol in the low 200s and blood pressure just below the cutoff for treatment.
However, others believe C-reactive protein should be measured in everyone over age 40, just like cholesterol, regardless of other risk factors.
“It begins to look like a standard risk factor that one would evaluate at least once in middle age in most people,” says Dr. Wayne Alexander of Emory University, a member of the recommendations committee. “This is a very important concept for the general public to be aware of and to think about for their own health.”
Doctors hope to have the recommendations ready for publication in the journal Circulation in November, followed by a campaign to teach doctors and ordinary people about it.
“Our goal is to have a broad-based consensus and use all available means to disseminate that information widely,” says Dr. George Mensah, the CDC’s chief of cardiovascular health.
Many hospitals can already do the test. However, until the recommendations come out, most doctors are unlikely to know exactly whom to test or what to make of the results. In fact, the White House doctors who checked Bush had to call Ridker to figure out how to interpret his numbers.
C-reactive protein probably will not matter much for heart attack survivors and others who already know that they have heart disease since presumably doctors are already doing everything they can to keep their condition from getting worse.
“We believe the niche for C-reactive protein -- and it is a large niche -- is the healthy population who want to do what they can to lower their risk of cardiovascular disease,” says Dr. Richard Cannon of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
Screening is important because inflammation can be readily lowered in several ways. One of the most powerful is losing weight. Exercise also helps, as does moderate alcohol intake, giving up smoking and lowering blood pressure.
Of course, this amounts to the same healthy living advice that doctors have long dispensed. But now they have a much better understanding of why it works so well. Furthermore, they will probably urge these habits on people with bad C-reactive protein readings who until now would have seemed to be at no special risk of heart problems.
Many of the standard heart medicines also lower inflammation. These include aspirin, Plavix, ACE inhibitors and the statin drugs, such as Lipitor and Zocor.
The statins are now prescribed to lower cholesterol, and they do so dramatically. But studies have shown that they ward off heart attacks much more powerfully than would be expected from their effects on cholesterol alone. In fact, people with moderate cholesterol seem to benefit just like those with readings off the charts. Lowering inflammation probably explains why.
Still, some important details remain to be settled. One is population-wide data on C-reactive protein levels and their connection to heart disease. Ridker is finishing a large study, to be released later this year, that traces this relationship with readings from tens of thousands of people.
Another gap is rock-solid evidence that lowering inflammation truly prevents heart attacks and saves lives. Ridker hopes to prove this with a study to begin this fall that will compare statin drugs and dummy pills in 15,000 middle-aged men and women with normal cholesterol and above average C-reactive protein.
The new thinking about inflammation “will change everything we do in heart disease,” says Dr. Eric Topol, cardiology chief at the Cleveland Clinic.
“In the last decade, people talked about their cholesterol levels. In the next decade, the cocktail chatter will be, ‘What’s your C-reactive protein?’ Everyone will need to know that.”
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HEART DISEASE
RISK FACTORS
Inflammation is a newly recognized risk factor for coronary heart disease. Among the other risk factors:
* Increasing age.
* Being male.
* Having parents with heart disease.
* Smoking.
* Total cholesterol over 239.
* HDL, the good cholesterol, below 35.
* High blood pressure.
* Lack of physical activity.
* Being overweight.
* Diabetes.
Source: Associated Press
