Bitter orange rich in flavonoids

Native to tropical regions in Asia, the bitter orange tree is cultivated throughout the Mediterranean. Oil extracted from the tree’s flowers is used to flavor foods and liqueurs; other products are made from the dried peel of the plant’s fruits. Both flower and peel contain flavonoids, potentially health-promoting compounds that give the plant its vibrant color, and synephrine, a stimulant.

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Uses: Some naturopaths recommend bitter orange oil for upset stomachs, sore throats and insomnia. In traditional Chinese medicine, bitter orange is used to prevent vomiting and treat colds. In Europe, the herb is approved for treating upset stomachs and increasing appetite. Dieters, too, use the herb in efforts to control appetite.

Dose: Bitter orange products include teas, capsules, tinctures and body creams. Many supplement manufacturers suggest a daily dose of several hundred milligrams of bitter orange, containing about 6% synephrine.

Precautions: Very little is known about long-term and high-dose effects of the herb. There’s some evidence that it can increase sensitivity to ultraviolet light. Some experts say the herb poses the same health risks as ephedra -- including high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke -- especially when combined with caffeine.

Research: Lab studies have shown that bitter orange oil has some antifungal and antibiotic effects, and human trials indicate that the oil may be effective against topical fungal infections. There is little scientific evidence to support other claims about the herb.

Dietary supplement makers are not required by the U.S. government to demonstrate that their products are safe or effective. Ask your health-care provider for advice on selecting a brand.

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-- Elena Conis