As Israeli settlements thrive, Palestinian taps run dry — a reflection of a broader battle
Across the dusty villages of the occupied West Bank, where Israeli water pipes don’t reach, date palms have been left to die. Greenhouses are empty and deserted. Palestinians say they can barely get enough water to bathe their children and wash their clothes — let alone sustain livestock and grow fruit trees.
In sharp contrast, neighboring Jewish settlements look like an oasis. Wildflowers burst through the soil. Farmed fish swim in neat rows of ponds. Children splash in community pools.
The struggle for access to water in this strip of fertile land reflects a wider contest for control of the West Bank — and in particular the Jordan Valley, which Palestinians consider the breadbasket of their hoped-for future state, and Israelis view as key to protecting their eastern border.
“People are thirsty. The crops are thirsty,” said Hazeh Daraghmeh, a 63-year-old Palestinian date farmer in the Jiftlik area of the valley, where some of his palms have withered in the bone-dry dirt.
“They’re trying to squeeze us step by step,” he said of Israel.
Water troubles have stalked Palestinian towns and cities across the West Bank since interim peace accords of the 1990s gave Israel control over 80% of the West Bank’s water reserves — and most other aspects of Palestinian life.
The accords also created Palestinians’ limited self-rule government, which would provide water to its swelling cities by tapping the rapidly depleting reservoirs it shares with Israel and buying water from Israel’s state-run company. The arrangement stranded the Palestinians who live in the remaining 60% of the West Bank, under full Israeli civil control — disconnected from both Israeli and Palestinian water grids. This includes much of the Jordan Valley.
The number of Jewish settlers in the occupied West Bank now exceeds 500,000, with advocates predicting faster growth under Israel’s new government.
Intended to last five years, the interim accords remain in place today.
“The amount of water that Israel is supplying has not adapted to the needs of Palestinians, and in many cases has not changed since the 1970s,” said Eyal Hareuveni, author of a recent report on the water crisis from Israeli human rights group B’Tselem. “The infrastructure is designed to benefit settlements.”
Unlike Palestinian cities, the 500,000 Jewish settlers who live in the West Bank are connected to the Israeli water grid through a sophisticated network that provides water continuously. In the scorching summer, Palestinians get municipal water only sporadically.
With regional droughts intensifying, temperatures rising and Israel’s far-right government entrenching military rule over the territory, Palestinians say their water problems have worsened.
“This is the hardest summer we’ve had in nine years,” said Palestinian Water Minister Mazen Ghunaim.
Ghunaim accused Israel’s national water company of reducing water supplies to the Palestinian cities of Bethlehem and Hebron by 25% for the last nine weeks. Palestinians in Hebron say their taps have run dry this summer for as long as a month.
Osama Abu Sharkh, a 60-year-old carpenter in Hebron’s Old City, has planned each day this summer according to the water flow. When his tap finally springs to life — even if a trickle — his family is jolted into a frenzy of chores: cooking, cleaning, and, crucially, filling their water tanks. The tanks hold costly trucked-in water during the long stretches when the taps are dry.
Ghunaim claimed the recent water cuts were a “political problem” under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s ultranationalist government, which has taken a particularly hard line against the Palestinians.
“If we were settlers, they would solve this problem instantly,” Ghunaim said.
Israel’s water authority called the recent disruption to Palestinian cities a technical problem and directed further questions to the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, or COGAT, the Israeli agency that liaises with the Palestinians on civilian affairs.
Activists say the Ghaith-Sub Laban family’s removal is part of a trend of Israeli settlers encroaching on Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem.
COGAT denied any reduction in water flow, saying that “the supply is continuing in accordance with the agreements.”
But the overall supply is shrinking as the demands of Israeli and Palestinian societies outpace natural replenishment. In the majority of the West Bank where Israel maintains full civilian and security control, Palestinians cannot dig or deepen wells without hard-to-get permits. Since 2021, Israeli authorities have demolished nearly 160 unauthorized Palestinian reservoirs, as well as sewage networks and wells across the West Bank and
East Jerusalem, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
The rate of demolition is quickening: Over the first half of this year, authorities knocked down almost the same number of Palestinian water installations as they had in 2022.
Defending the demolitions, COGAT said “the allocation of water for agriculture is performed in accordance with the law.”
Unlike neighboring Jordan and other parched Mideast states, Israel has plenty of water. With a world-leading desalination network and recycled waste water, the country no longer relies on subterranean reserves as it did after it first captured the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip in the 1967 Mideast war.
Hundreds of Israeli settlers storm into a West Bank town, setting fire to cars and homes to avenge four Israelis killed by Palestinian gunmen.
“The main motivation for Israeli actions are not so much about water anymore but about politics,” said Jan Selby, an expert on water issues and politics at the University of Sheffield.
Israel’s water network is used not only to power settlements — which most of the international community considers illegal — but also to irrigate the abundant vineyards and olive groves of Jewish outposts that are built without official authorization.
By empowering Jewish outposts to cultivate disputed land and export fine wines and soft dates, Israel expands authority over the West Bank, said anti-settlement researcher Dror Etkes.
“Agricultural cultivation is a much more effective way to grab land than construction,” he said.
For Ibrahim Sawafta, a member of the local council of the Palestinian village of Bardala in the northern Jordan Valley, Israeli water allocation has become a zero-sum game: Palestinian water scarcity is a result of Israeli settlement prosperity.
Over the years, he has watched his village shrink as its few available water sources have dried up, leaving dates tasteless and forcing farmers to give up their citrus and banana groves.
More than a dozen farming families have recently left Bardala for a northern town with more water, he said, and others have swapped their fields for better-paying jobs in the flourishing farms of Israeli settlements.
“They don’t want us to be farmers,” Sawafta said of Israeli authorities. “They don’t want us to be self-sufficient.”
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