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THE OLDEST APARTHEID

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Would degradation of India’s untouchable “sweepers” (dung-removers) be ended by modern plumbing, as novelist Mulk Raj Anand (July 5) foolishly suggests?

Ask Japan’s burakumin , still shunned because of their ancestors’ work.

Yet some harijans find hope, or at least self-respect, by joining movements against the caste system--the world’s oldest and most elaborate form of apartheid.

JEFF POLAND

LA JOLLA

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