Napa quake’s ‘afterslip’ could continue to cause damage
Think the Napa fault stopped moving after producing a 6.0 earthquake in August? Think again.
The fault that caused the quake is forecast to move an additional 2 to 6 inches in the next three years in a hard-hit residential area, a top federal scientist said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco on Tuesday.
It is the first time scientists have formally forecast the gradual shifting of the ground in a residential area after an earthquake.
“Until the South Napa earthquake happened, we had not clearly foreseen just what a problem that could be,” U.S. Geological Survey geophysicist Ken Hudnut said.
Bad news for homeowners
If the worst-case forecast comes true, that could pose problems for homeowners who have already made repairs to their homes after the earthquake.
“If the actual fault movement is the low end of the range ... they might be fine,” Hudnut said. “But if it’s bad luck, and if it’s toward the high end of our forecast range ... they might have to do another repair again later.”
The movement is expected in the Browns Valley neighborhood underneath about 20 homes. A previously unmapped fault line cracked through them, damaging some of the foundations.
Scientists have observed gradual movement in the earth after an earthquake, called “afterslip,” in previous California earthquakes. “Afterslip” comes after the sudden shock of an earthquake.
‘Afterslip’ is a problem
This is the first time afterslip has been documented so clearly in a quake striking a highly populated area. Afterslip following the 1971 Sylmar quake was not significant, but the phenomenon has been observed in the 1979 Imperial Valley, 1987 Superstition Hills and 2004 Parkfield earthquakes.
Afterslip occurs because of delayed movement of the earth. Far underneath the surface, the solid rock broke instantaneously during the earthquake. But closer to the surface, the earth had the consistency of clay, slowing the shifting of the ground.
“It wasn’t able to slip that suddenly,” so the movement will happen later, Hudnut said. “The fault is stickier — it smears instead of snapping. You can imagine it almost being like, I suppose, silly putty.”
Afterslip was observed shortly after the August earthquake, and has been slowing down over time. In some places, afterslip actually caused more ground movement than during the actual earthquake.
The afterslip is already posing problems, damaging at least one water pipe that had been fixed shortly after the earthquake, said Timothy Dawson, engineering geologist for the California Geological Survey.
Forecasting afterslip could be very important in future earthquakes. A magnitude 7 earthquake on the Hayward fault through Oakland and Berkeley could trigger afterslip of more than 6 inches within three years of the temblor, which could make it difficult for property owners on top of the fault to make repairs soon after the earthquake. Officials are also interested in how afterslip could disrupt water lines and the BART commuter rail system.
“If there is a significant amount of afterslip on the Hayward fault after a major earthquake, it’s not like they’re going to be able to get in there and repair it and call it good,” Dawson said.
Better understanding of afterslip will help officials understand how to deal with problems before and after the quake hits, Dawson said.
“If you know you’re going to get another 30 centimeters [of movement] in two weeks, why repair the trains right now? It’s not worth it,” said Benjamin Brooks, USGS research geophysicist.
Forecast not final
The forecast for Napa could change in the coming months. It’s only been a few months since the earthquake, Hudnut said, and only time will tell just how bad the movement will be.
Scientists will collect more observations and update the forecast again in February — just as weather forecasts are updated, based on the latest observations. These forecasts are being completed for the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency and state and local agencies.
Hudnut acknowledged that the forecast comes too late for homeowners who have already completed repairs, but could help those who haven’t yet begun.
“We’re trying to get better and quicker at responding and forecasting in the future,” Hudnut said.
Ken MacNab, Napa’s planning manager, said the USGS forecast will help the city identify properties at greater risk “so we can ensure a proper level of review” before building permits are issued. Some proposed building plans may need extra requirements beyond the state building code because of the fault risk, he said.
California law generally restricts the construction of buildings on top of active earthquake fault lines, but this area was not under a building restriction because much of the fault that ruptured in the August earthquake was not mapped.
State officials have since begun to map the fault.
Twitter: @ronlin, @RosannaXia
Lin reported from San Francisco, Xia from Los Angeles.
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