10 Years Later, Iraq Burdened but Unbroken

Khalil al-Suhail, a wealthy Baghdad restaurateur, has a theory: After a decade of war, sanctions and poverty, Iraqis have become virtually crisis-proof.

For years, when showdowns with the United States loomed, Iraqis hoarded food and gasoline and braced for doomsday. But the last time the Americans and the British bombed, during a December 1998 confrontation over U.N. weapons inspections, Iraqis took it in stride.

“We just watched like it was a big fireworks display,” said al-Suhail. “We decided the crisis just wasn’t going to dictate our lives anymore.”

A decade after President Saddam Hussein led Iraq into the 1991 Gulf War, its once prosperous middle class has been decimated, its children die at an alarming rate, and international sanctions, although showing cracks, remain a heavy burden. But Hussein’s rule, repressive as ever, faces no serious threats.

What’s changing in Iraq is the steady lifting of the siege mentality, and the U.N. oil-for-food program that has restored a measure of stability for Iraq’s 23 million people.

On Arasat Street, Baghdad’s fanciest commercial strip, new Mercedes and BMWs, imported in defiance of sanctions, are parked in front of al-Suhail’s restaurant, Castello’s, a little castle complete with turrets, a small moat and a wooden drawbridge.

To decorate his new eatery, al-Suhail scavenged piles of junk. Old wagon wheels gave a rustic touch. Car suspension systems, hung from the walls, made decorative torches.

“What I did in my restaurant, all Iraqis have done in their own way,” he said. “We’ve all learned to improvise and adapt. Sometimes hardship brings out the best in you.”

A combination of historic grievance and greed for oil revenue drove Hussein to invade Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990. After months of brinkmanship, the Gulf War coalition launched a six-week bombing campaign on Jan. 17, 1991, followed by a four-day ground war that liberated the emirate.

The Americans and their allies made the Gulf War look so easy: the videos of laser-guided bombs making pinpoint strikes, Western and Arab armies steamrolling into Kuwait, the scruffy Iraqi soldiers tossing rifles into the sand and surrendering by the battalion.

But today the clarity of war has yielded to the fog of peace.

Hussein, full of his old strut and bombast, stood in his presidential box at a recent military parade, cigar dangling beneath his bushy mustache, casually loosing rifle shots into the air as he surveyed the cavalcade of tanks, missiles and warplanes that still make up one of the largest armies in the Middle East.

United Nations inspectors, sucked into a maddening game of hide-and-seek in pursuit of Hussein’s most dangerous weapons, left more than two years ago, their mission incomplete. The exact status of Iraq’s weapons program is still an open question.

The international sanctions campaign has evolved into a propaganda war between the United States and Iraq over who is to blame for the heavy toll paid by Iraq’s citizens. As the Americans try to hold the line on sanctions, some Gulf War allies are joining the growing ranks of those who would rather trade with Iraq than punish it.

“People aren’t coming to Iraq for the love of Iraq. People are coming because there’s business to be done,” said A.K. Hashimi, a senior member of Hussein’s Baath Party. “The U.S. has tried hard to minimize Iraq’s role in the world, but Iraq can’t be neglected.”

Iraq’s economy bottomed out five years ago, forcing Hussein to grudgingly accept the oil-for-food program. Iraq bitterly denounces the terms, which give the United Nations full supervision over Iraq’s spending. Also, nearly 30% of Iraq’s oil revenue pays for war reparations and U.N. costs.

Iraqis derisively call it an “oil-for-the-U.N. program.” Still, a ration card system ensures that every citizen gets the basics--flour, rice, beans, milk and cooking oil. And with sanctions loosened a bit, Iraq is pumping 3 million barrels of oil a day, a figure close to its prewar output.

The U.S. military presence in the Gulf has deterred Hussein from threatening his oil-rich neighbors. Incoming Secretary of State Colin Powell, the U.S. military chief during the Gulf War, has vowed to “re-energize” sanctions. But it will be much tougher finding partners today.

“Rest assured, the people of Iraq can face sanctions and fight the Americans,” Hussein recently declared.

Iraq has rebuilt much of the war damage, and few scars are visible in Baghdad.

Modern apartment and office blocks have changed the skyline, their nondescript colors offset by elegant turquoise domes on mosques, and the Las Vegas-style palaces Hussein built during even the leanest days.

Hussein is also building the Hussein Grand Mosque, the largest in the Middle East.

Hussein statues at traffic circles multiply, along with the larger-than-life portraits on buildings: Hussein with flowers, Hussein holding the scales of justice, Hussein at prayer.

His picture is on every front page of the state-controlled press, every day. Iraqi television manages to transform his banal comments at a Cabinet meeting into a week’s worth of programming. Alternative viewing is hard to come by--owning a satellite dish is illegal.

There’s no escaping Hussein’s image, yet the president himself rarely appears in public. Iraqi exile groups routinely spread rumors that he is ill but have a perfect record for misdiagnosing him.

The latest speculation had Hussein suffering a serious stroke at a New Year’s Eve military parade. But he then appeared on TV and showed no signs of illness.

At 63, Hussein has been the most powerful man in Iraq for more than 30 years, and his security services have eliminated all dissent and serious challenge to his rule.

The United States has sought to create a viable opposition by uniting disparate exile groups under the umbrella of the Iraqi National Congress, but to no apparent effect.

“These people haven’t set foot in Iraq for years. They don’t know the people and they don’t have support,” said Baathist leader Hashimi.

Iraq also feels that it scored a victory by chasing out the U.N. weapons inspectors. It says it won’t allow inspectors back until the sanctions are lifted. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is likely to wrangle with the Iraqis over the question in talks next month.

Iraq claims it isn’t reconstituting its nuclear, chemical and biological weapons programs. But Richard Butler, the Australian who headed the U.N. weapons inspection operation, is intensely skeptical.

“There is strong reason to think that Iraq has used this two-year period to get back in business in all weapons fields,” Butler said in a telephone interview from New York. “The fundamental goal must be to get inspectors back into Iraq as soon as possible.”

The U.N. inspectors uncovered and dismantled many key components of the program over nearly eight years, but Iraq never accounted for everything the inspectors sought.

In making their case on sanctions, the Iraqis invariably steer visitors to places such as Hussein’s General Hospital for Pediatrics.

The leukemia ward has more than a dozen children receiving chemotherapy, a treatment more widely available but still scarce, said Dr. Mohammed Firas.

Azhar Kamel, age 7, her strength depleted and her hair gone, sleeps soundly as she receives her treatment from a drip bag. Her case is serious and the mortality rate is high, the doctor says.

Ten children die at the hospital in a typical week, many from leukemia, and Firas believes half could be saved with more medicine and better equipment.

The sanctions have never prevented Iraq from importing medicine. The Americans argue that Hussein spends the money on weapons and palaces.

Iraq has received $21 billion through the oil-for-food program since 1996. It wants $1.7 billion of that sum earmarked for medical needs. Nothing prevents it from requesting more.

The Iraqis say the problem is the collapse of infrastructure: malnourished mothers bearing weak babies, immunizations down, dirty drinking water causing fatal illnesses.

Hussein’s government has often predicted the embargo was about to fall. These days it insists the momentum is on its side.

Since September, dozens of civilian flights have arrived, many from Middle Eastern states. The skies over the capital had been silent for nearly a decade, but the prospect of trade deals, including billion-dollar contracts to develop Iraqi oil fields, has brought flights from France and Russia as well.

“The international atmosphere is well prepared for the lifting of sanctions,” said Iraq’s deputy foreign minister, Nizar Hamdoun.

Gulf War links site by Canadian Forces College: https://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/links/milhist/gw.html