Stored blood may lack vital chemical
Much of the stored blood given to millions of people every year may lack a component vital for it to deliver oxygen to the tissues.
Nitric oxide, which helps keep blood vessels open, begins breaking down as soon as blood goes into storage, two research teams report in separate studies in this week’s online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
In recent years, doctors have become increasingly concerned about levels of heart attack and stroke in patients receiving transfusions; the new findings may help explain that.
“It doesn’t matter how much oxygen is being carried by red blood cells, it cannot get to the tissues that need it without nitric oxide,” said Dr. Jonathan Stamler of Duke University, leader of one of the research groups.
Blood vessels relax and constrict to regulate blood flow and nitric oxide opens up blood vessels, allowing red blood cells to deliver oxygen, he explained. “If the blood vessels cannot open, the red blood cells back up in the vessel and tissues go without oxygen. The result can be a heart attack or even death,” he said.
“The issue of transfused blood being potentially harmful to patients is one of the biggest problems facing American medicine,” said Stamler.
Several of the researchers, including Stamler, have consulting and/or equity relationships with Nitrox/N30, a company developing nitric oxide-based therapies.
The second research team, led by Dr. Timothy McMahon, also at Duke, studied the changes in stored blood over time. Blood may be kept in blood banks for as long as 42 days; after that it must be discarded. An estimated 14 million units of red blood cells are administered to about 4.8 million Americans annually.
“We were surprised at how quickly the blood changes -- we saw clear indications of nitric oxide depletion within the first three hours,” McMahon said in a statement.
Stamler said in a telephone interview that the researchers knew that nitric oxide is responsible for opening up small blood vessels, but had not previously measured the amount of that chemical in stored blood.
“Surprisingly, we found blood depleted profoundly by Day One and it remained depleted through Day 42,” he said.
But if they restored the nitric oxide at any point, the red blood cells were again able to open blood vessels and deliver oxygen to tissues, they said. They tested the blood with added nitric oxide in the laboratory and in dogs.
“This is an important observation and it needs to be followed up,” said Dr. Louis Katz, a past president of America’s Blood Centers, which provides about half the nation’s blood.
The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Duke Anesthesiology Fund, the American Heart Assn. and N30 Pharma, which has a license agreement with Duke to develop nitric oxide-based therapies.
