Artworks Are Dead Ringers : Macabre <i> Calavera </i> Figures Exhibited at Fullerton Museum Center

Charlie Chaplin stands at attention as cameramen zoom in for the shot. Production crews are busy nearby, running backup cameras, holding a microphone, snapping the clapboard.

But as in a real-life Chaplin film, the scene is silent. The frozen characters are all macabre, displaying wide, toothy grins. For Chaplin and the filmmakers are calaveras-- humanized papier-mache skeletons created by three generations of master Mexican folk artists from the famed Linares family.

“It’s important that our family work continues,” says Pedro Linares, 85, a spry, smiling patriarch who, along with Oaxacan wood carver Manuel Jimenez and a few others, holds the distinction of being internationally recognized for a traditional Mexican art form where anonymity is the norm.

Linares, along with three of his sons and a handful of grandsons, works at a multistudio compound in Mexico City creating numerous calaveras-- from dancers and musicians to newspaper delivery boys. Popularized versions of the Linares calaveras are most frequently seen in local galleries and stores during the Mexican Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) holiday, an annual Nov. 1 celebration of the continued life of deceased ancestors.

This holiday’s theme pervades all 15 works by Pedro Linares, son Miguel, 42, and grandson Ricardo, 23, that are on view in “Day of the Dead: A Consequence of Life,” at the Fullerton Museum Center through Jan. 5. The exhibit features a jaunty, life-size mariachi band and other whimsical calaveras. Miguel and Ricardo Linares will give demonstrations of their work at the museum center today through Sunday.

In the artists’ first commercial gallery show, works by Pedro, Miguel and Ricardo also are on view through December in a temporary gallery space in Santa Monica’s Third Street Promenade. On sale from $500 to $3,500 per sculpture, the central pieces are a group of 20 or so life-size and “half-size” calaveras engaged in the various activities of filmmaking.

“We wanted to do the movie theme because we’re all in that business--that’s our connection,” said gallery owner Judith Bronowski, who commissioned the Linareses’ works as part of the Los Angeles city-wide “Artes de Mexico” and “Mexico: A Work of Art” festivals. Bronowski, an independent film producer, has represented the Linares in the United States since making the 1975 documentary, “Pedro Linares: Papier-Mache Artist,” which will be shown at the L.A. County Museum of Art on Dec. 21.

“This (body of work) is very important to us, because it’s a new theme,” said Miguel Linares, who began as a cartonero (papier-mache sculptor) at the age of 12 . “We usually make calaveras doing traditional jobs, and with traditional Mexican themes, so this is really something new.”

At the Santa Monica gallery, Pedro Linares calls his work as a cartonero his livelihood and joy. He takes a fatherly pride in each of his works (and those of his descendants) as he thumbs through catalogues documenting the progression of his art form since he began his work in 1920.

“My father was also a cartonero, but he made only masks, little horses, very simple things--he was not a sculptor of papier-mache,” Pedro recounts. “What I began is very different from anything that was done back then.”

But it was Miguel Linares who explained his family’s importance in developing the popular calavera tradition.

“Before (us) there were others who made calaveras, but they were very simple, with no details and no themes. We based ours directly on (artist) Guadalupe Posada’s engravings developed on Day of the Dead themes in turn-of-the-century Mexico. . . . And now, we make calaveras on all themes.”

In addition to the popular calaveras, and related cascaras (skulls), the Linares family also makes traditional Judas figures, which are created annually to be set aflame with fireworks on Good Friday to represent the Biblical betrayal of Jesus by Judas.

“Last year we made Judas figures of Saddam Hussein, and we won’t tell you who else we made,” Miguel Linares says with a laugh, noting that while his Judases are usually Mexican political figures, other world leaders--including Americans--are not immune from the fire’s wrath.

But it’s not the Judas figures, or even the calaveras, that are Miguel’s personal favorite sculptures--he prefers to make the family’s famous alebrijes : bright, fantastic, dragon-like creatures with flickering tongues, huge eyes and numerous horns.

“I saw them in a dream,” Pedro Linares explains of the alebrijes, a name he made up for the characters, more than a dozen of which are also on view. “They were very ugly and terrifying and they were coming toward me. I saw all kinds of ugly things.”

Linares says he had that single dream toward the end of an extended illness--he had fought gastric ulcers for 11 years, and at one-point in 1945, was thought to be on his death-bed. He says it was while he was in a 24-hour coma-like state, surrounded by candles, that the alebrijes were born.

But Linares, whose works have been exhibited in museums including Los Angeles’ Craft and Folk Art Museum, Washington’s Smithsonian Institution, the San Diego Museum of Man and the Indianapolis Childrens Museum, remembers that he at first had problems with the alebrijes:

“They were very ugly. They weren’t like the calaveras. Calaveras are familiar--we are all calaveras underneath, so they sold very well. . . . But people didn’t want to buy the alebrijes. They were too ugly. So I began to change them and make them more colorful. But I wouldn’t stop (making them) just because people thought they were ugly.”

The Linares make each of their sculptures during a five- or six-day process that begins with standard plaster molds that are covered with brown craft paper and left to dry. They then cut open the works, remove the molds and sculpt additions and modifications such as extended fingers and cigars. Various body parts are joined together, and after another drying, the figures are elaborately painted and adorned.

But while the Linareses work together closely and may collaborate on a series of figures, each works on his own specific sculptures, creating “our own style, which is similar enough to maintain the family style, but may contain different ideas or messages,” explains Ricardo Linares, who began to help his grandfather and father as a boy of 7 or 8 years.

The two elder Linareses specifically declined to make comparisons among themselves or describe differences in their styles (which usually hinge on the degree of detail or seriousness of themes). But Ricardo hinted that as the youngest Linares, he would focus more on content and theme than tradition and appearance.

“I’ve tried to make my work more distinctive and more ambitious. I want people to see the difference, to know which one of us did (a specific sculpture). We all do surrealist (work), but I am very much influenced by other ideas, things that I see, or read, or imagine. I imagine things that could happen in the afterlife, for example, and work with that.”

While Pedro Linares stressed the importance of carrying on the family work, the future after young Ricardo’s generation remains unclear. Although Miguel’s two older brothers also work as cartoneros, it is Miguel and Ricardo with whom Pedro most closely aligns himself.

Both Miguel and Ricardo, however, say they were not really encouraged to join the cartonero tradition, and Ricardo, who has also taken to the mainstream and now teaches a cartonero course at Mexico’s San Carlos Art College, says he will encourage his future sons “only to do what they want to do.”

* Works by the Linares family are featured through Jan. 5 in “Day of the Dead: A Consequence of Life,” at the Fullerton Museum Center, 301 N. Pomona Ave., Fullerton. Miguel and Ricardo Linares will give demonstrations at the museum today from 1 to 5 p.m. and 6 to 9 p.m.; Friday from noon to 4:30 p.m. and Saturday and Sunday from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Admission: $2 adults, $1 students and seniors, free under 12 and museum members. Free admission Thursdays 6 to 9 p.m. Information: (714) 738-6545.

* “Linares: Three Generations of Master Folk Artists From Mexico.” New Gallery, 1438 3rd St. Promenade, Santa Monica. Closed Mondays and Tuesdays. Through Dec. 31. Information: (310) 459-2227. * “Pedro Linares: Papier-Mache Artist” (1978, 23 minutes) will be screened Dec. 21 at 3 p.m. at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Bing Theater, 5905 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles. Information: (213) 857-6000.