With El Nino, It’s Either Feast or Famine
Too fat to fly.
In yet another manifestation of El Nino, scores of pudgy brown ducks are gorging themselves on the swarms of tiny red crabs swept north by this season’s unusual ocean currents.
The fowl flutter their wings, they scoot hurriedly along the water’s surface, they appear to be taking off and . . .
Nothing.
The birds, known as surf scoters, simply can’t lift their heavy bodies into the air.
The same phenomenon that is starving fur seals and sea lions--stripping the waters around the Channel Islands of the fish they love--is fattening up ducks who thrive on crunchy crustaceans, scientists believe.
The problem is certainly not life-threatening: The surf scoters will lose the weight before they migrate this summer.
In fact, the chubby ducks are not the phenomenon per se--scientists say many birds like to stuff their bellies. It’s what they are dining on that is the telltale sign of El Nino.
Hundreds of thousands of Pleuroncodes planipes, or pelagic red crabs, are floating up from southern Baja and Mexico to the Channel Islands off the Ventura coast as a result of El Nino’s unusual currents and warmer waters.
Indeed, some oceanographers say the true indicator of an El Nino year is the return of these fiery red, inch-long critters. They have been known to travel as far north as Eureka.
Some scuba divers sighted piles of the crabs as early as January around San Nicolas Island.
And less than a week ago, crew members from Island Packers, a Ventura-based tour-boat company, saw dense, red patches of crabs crawling a foot deep along the shores of Anacapa Island.
The crabs are tasty to almost every kind of bird that hunts for food at the islands--so much so, that only the remains of the crabs’ translucent shells were left scattered among the rocks a day later.
The last time the crustaceans passed through Southern California in such large numbers was in 1992, when a smaller El Nino effect occurred, according to Dan Richards, a marine biologist with the Channel Islands National Park Service in Ventura.
The pelagic red crab normally is a bottom-dweller, living at ocean depths of about 300 feet. But at certain times, the younger crabs will rise to the surface and float, perhaps as a way to disperse their population.
This year the warm ocean waters are whisking away the crabs--also called whale feed or tuna crabs--from their tropical home near Mexico in an unusual pattern: south to north.
Normally, water currents during the winter in California run the other way.
“This is a classic indicator of El Nino,” said Mike deGruy, a Santa Barbara filmmaker who studied invertebrate zoology. “It’s textbook.”
The gluttonous surf scoters just can’t resist the swarm of red crabs swimming in front of their wide-open beaks: They crunch them in their bills and often swallow them whole.
Not to worry about the ducks’ obesity, though.
If a surf scoter predator such as a peregrine falcon attacks, the sea-loving fowl will duck beneath the surface of the water and swim away.
If a shark wants a bite of a scoter’s succulent body, the bird’s natural instinct is to get rid of its meal in a hurry, scientists say.
“They usually regurgitate what they ate if they’re disturbed,” said Richards of the park service.
The fat birds will shed their unwanted pounds as soon as the crabs disappear and the ducks begin their summer migration to Alaska.
Other classic El Nino signs already have appeared on the Channel Islands.
Thousands of California sea lions and northern fur seals have died over the last nine months because of an El Nino-driven shortage of the fish they feed on.
Scientists predict that virtually the entire population of fur seals and two-thirds of the sea lions born in June on San Miguel Island likely will die by the end of the year.
Rather than bringing their food supply to them, El Nino’s warm waters have chased the sardines, anchovies and other fish to colder, deeper ocean waters.
Seals would happily eat red crab--but only if the crustaceans make it to San Miguel Island.
So far, experts say they have not seen the crabs travel that far west. But if they do, that would be great.
“The young ones eat it like popcorn,” said marine biologist Bob DeLong of the National Marine Fisheries Services in Seattle.
In addition, boaters and biologists have noticed that pelican chicks are dying in the wake of a series of winter storms linked to El Nino.
Certain smaller creatures also haven’t been weathering El Nino well.
While it has been hard for scientists to get out to the Channel Islands and peer into the murky ocean waters hit by February’s storms, Jack Engle, an associate research biologist at UC Santa Barbara, began noticing drop-offs in kelp and sea stars months ago.
El Nino’s warm waters have caused a massive decline of the lush forests of giant kelp encircling the Channel Islands, especially at the southeast islands of Catalina and San Clemente, Engle wrote in a winter newsletter for the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.
What is left of the kelp is being torn apart by this winter’s rain storms.
The loss of kelp beds is devastating for the thousands of creatures--crabs, snails, abalone and fish--dependent on the giant algae for food and shelter. The good news is that once the water temperatures begin to cool, the resilient kelp should grow back, Engle said.
Another natural phenomenon occurring because of El Nino is the sea star “wasting disease,” he said.
During warm periods, a contagious virus spreads throughout the star fish communities, leaving piles of skeletal remains, a widespread occurrence that was documented during the 1982 El Nino.
Sea urchins and sea cucumbers have died as well. In some areas, Engle said, these death rates have reached 90%, in other places, 50%.
“Losses of these ecologically important spiny-skinned animals have altered the intricate balance of near-shore communities,” Engle said.
Other life forms that thrive on cool waters are stressed or dying because of El Nino’s warming.
Over six, five-day scuba diving trips throughout 1997, Engle documented high mortality rates among the red-bladed algae, sponges, orange cup corals, rock crabs, red abalone, surfperch and rockfish.
But as there is death, El Nino also has brought new forms of life to the Channel Islands.
Fishermen and scientists have noted that the warm southern currents have brought an abundance of tropical yellowtail enjoying the 60-degree temperatures of the Pacific Ocean off the Channel Islands. Sheephead, bluebanded gobies and moray eels have also been seen in these parts.
The scientists observing the effects of El Nino are philosophical about what the strange weather patterns are doing.
“The tragic implications, the loss of life and property is on everyone’s mind, the death of marine life and sea lions, especially,” said Ed Cassano, manager of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.
“But as certain traditional food sources disappear, others appear, like the pelagic red crab. And it gives us an understanding that some are capable of taking advantage of it.”
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An El Nino Feast
Pelagic red crabs usually live in the warm waters off Baja California. But during El Nino years, they float in an unusual northward pattern up toward California. Hundreds and thousands of the fiery red critters have been sighted at some of the Channel Islands, serving as an abundant food source for birds and other types of marine life.
PELAGIC RED CRABS
* Usually are bottom dwellers, living at depths of up to 300 feet below the surface of the sea.
* Are also called whale feed or tuna crab because they also provide an abundant food source for whales and tuna.
* Juvenile crabs rise to the top of the ocean surface and get pushed by the currents.
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SURF SCOTERS
* A type of sea-loving duck that spends winters along the Pacific Coast from the Aleutians to Baja California and summers in Alaska and Canada.
* Males are black with white patches on their noses, giving rise to the nickname “skunk dunk.” Females are brown.
* Usually eat mussels and mollusks. During El Nino years, the surf scoters gorge on pelagic red crabs.
Source: Jack Engle, Marine Science Institute UC Santa Barbara; Peterson Field Guide of Western Birds
