Michoacan’s Colonial Treasures

From Quito to Cuzco, from Pelourinho to Popayan, I’ve been to some great old colonial cities and districts while working and bumming around Latin America the past 25 years. (Those are places in Ecuador, Peru, Brazil and Colombia, respectively, in case you’re wondering.) But for my money, none is more evocative of times gone by than this, the capital of Michoacan state.

There have been times I’ve sat in Jardin de las Rosas, a 17th century plaza surrounded by the oldest music conservatory in the hemisphere on one side and the Baroque Las Rosas convent church on the other, half expecting a procession of carriages, sword-brandishing soldiers or religious flagellants to appear at any time. That’s how strong the sense of time standing still is in this, my favorite corner of one of my favorite cities.

So when my two grown kids, Maria Helene and Christian, visited from California last December, I didn’t hesitate to choose Morelia as an escape from Mexico City, the fast-paced and polluted capital where I live and work. It was an inspired choice. They loved the town--its people, its pink limestone colonial buildings, its food, clean air and quiet.

Morelia’s uniqueness is due largely to the fact that it’s in Michoacan, a region southwest of Mexico’s capital that is embarrassingly rich in history, crafts and natural beauty. Day trips from here easily fill a long weekend or more: The migrating monarch butterflies, the pre-Columbian ruins of Tzintzuntzan and the cobbled streets of Patzcuaro are all nearby and beckon. But for me, Morelia is a destination city in itself, and the ambience of its historic core district exerts the strongest pull.

Founded in 1541 and laid out in 1570, Morelia has managed to retain a pleasingly archaic character and proportion, even as so many other historic centers in Latin America have been erased from map and memory, victims of redevelopment, earthquakes and neglect.

The city spent its first 286 years as Valladolid, then in 1827 renamed itself Morelia after native son and revolutionary hero Jose Maria Morelos.

Morelia’s historic district is no smattering of a few old buildings, but instead encompasses 120 blocks. It also spans more than four centuries, from the austere and fortress-like San Francisco church and monastery, begun in 1530, to the eclectic Palace of Justice, built in the 1880s by a free-thinking Belgian engineer named Guillermo Wodon de Sorinne.

Vigilantly towering over the scene is Morelia’s eponymous cathedral, one of Mexico’s three largest and, I think, the most beautiful, best illuminated and most dramatic.

Framing the city’s east side is perhaps the city’s most striking relic and strongest preservation statement: a mile-long limestone aqueduct completed in the late 1700s but which hasn’t funneled water into the city since 1910. UNESCO designated Morelia, the jewel of the Guanangaro Valley, as a World Heritage Site in 1991, an honor given to places whose historic significance and authenticity merits global recognition.

We approached the issue of how Morelia pulled off the feat of preserving its historic core as something of a mystery and began investigating. It turns out that the survival of old Morelia owes much to geology. The city sits on a miles-wide sheet of solid bedrock, a limestone layer from which many of its structures were quarried. Because of its foundation, Morelia has not been ground to dust by seismic shifts that over the years have leveled much of, for instance, Mexico City and Lima, Peru.

But most of the credit for Morelia’s preservation is due to Morelians, who are jealous guardians of their past. Zoning laws, in place since the 1930s, forbid construction of anything in the historic center that is out of character. In fact, much of that district has been restored and rebuilt, but in strict adherence to design standards respectful of the city’s past.

I had given the town quite a buildup, so my kids, both in their 20s, were eager to see the place after the four-hour luxury-bus ride from Mexico City. The road wound through the cornfields of Toluca Valley, past the piney Zinapecuaro mountains and down past Lake Cuitzeo, whose reflection of the pale blue Michoacan light reminded me of Lake Titicaca, which straddles the border of Bolivia and Peru.

Arriving in the new bus station five miles east of town, we quickly became aware of Morelia’s climate: It’s ideally mild and dry. At 6,300 feet, Morelia is 1,000 feet lower than Mexico City and so a bit warmer. Then, after the taxi ride into town, came the pleasant shock of streets devoid of the vendors, called ambulantes, who clog many Mexican cities to distraction. Morelia expelled street vendors last July, and, for now, its sidewalks are clear and the historic sights accessible.

Our choice of hotels was the only misstep of the trip. The Hotel Catedral, where we stayed for three nights opposite the cathedral, was noisy and poorly run. But in a subsequent trip in late March, I got it right. I checked into the Hotel Virrey de Mendoza, a colonial mansion dating back three centuries. In the historic heart of the city and loaded with colonial charm, it was converted in 1939 from a private home into a hotel named for the viceroy who founded Morelia; a third floor was added later. Its high ceilings, stained-glass atrium (covering what once was a courtyard) and collection of antique furniture produce just the right Old Mexico atmosphere.

My bad luck in lodging choice during the visit with my kids was a minor setback. Once we arrived we were quickly swept up in Morelia’s history: It is regarded as the ideological cradle of Mexican independence. Miguel Hidalgo, the father of Mexican independence, taught at the Colegio de San Nicolas, which dates from 1570 and may be the hemisphere’s oldest secondary school. One of his students was native son Morelos, the fiery military leader and martyr who was the closest thing to Mexico’s George Washington.

We came across tableaus of Morelia history painted in murals in many public buildings by Alfredo Zalce, who, at 94, is one of the last survivors of the legendary generation of Mexican muralists that include Rivera, Siqueiros and Orozco. Zalce’s earthy, vivid colors and harmonious compositions capture for me the essence of the Michoacan aesthetic.

On our first day, my son and daughter awoke in time for their trip to the special forest preserve in eastern Michoacan state. There, from October through March, monarch butterflies complete their 3,000-mile migration from as far away as Canada. It was a three-hour bus ride to Angangueo, then an hour trek up to see the insects clinging to tree branches in shimmering swarms. But it was worth the trip, they said.

“They were a living, moving accumulation of orange,” Christian said. As he and Maria Helene approached the trees, butterflies rained down on them, dead or dying after mating. “A little morbid, considering they are all falling to their deaths after one last romp,” Maria Helene added.

(In January, a few weeks after they visited, the beautiful insects’ progeny died in a rare winter freeze that gripped the region. The butterflies will be back in the fall but possibly in greatly reduced numbers.)

While the kids were taking in nature, I was taking the waters at Los Azufres National Park, having chosen to visit the mineral baths there. Also in the mountains east of Morelia, amid geothermal power plants and sulfur mines, the Laguna Larga resort has two outdoor pools and another set of four thermal baths across the street and up the hill from its wood cabanas.

Locals favor the no-frills facility; you pay only $3 and bring your own towel. And like the trip to see the butterflies, it’s worth the time and expense (a 90-minute, $60 taxi ride) to get there. The drill at Laguna Larga is the same as at any thermal bath: sit, soak and let the mineral waters work their tranquilizing and mind-clearing magic.

The next morning, while the kids slept in, I took an early morning walking tour of the central city that featured enthusiastic, bilingual guides. The guide on my tour, Alfredo de la Cruz Ibarra, told me how the city grew wealthy from local gold and copper mining, and how by the 1700s it had became one of the Catholic church’s three largest administrative centers in Mexico, a status that attracted a dozen religious orders to build monasteries and convents, most still standing.

The first stop on the tour was the former Jesuit seminary called the Palacio Clavijero, begun in 1660 and now occupied by the Michoacan state government. It is perhaps the city’s brightest architectural gem, its two tiers of graceful colonnades bespeaking temporal power and celestial affinity. Then we walked down Avenida Nigromonte to Jardin de las Rosas, an island of tranquillity and one of dozens of plazas that bejewel Morelia. The convent included a school for girls founded in 1743 that became the hemisphere’s first music conservatory.

According to De la Cruz, the guide, the name Jardin de las Rosas took on a double meaning because it provided a vantage point from which eligible bachelors could view the “flowers” (schoolgirls) who would present themselves on the building’s unusual open-sided rooftop gallery when classes and rules permitted.

We stopped long enough to enjoy lunch at the 200-year old Hotel de la Soledad, one of Mexico’s oldest lodgings. The restaurant there, La Capilla, serves delicious Michoacan specialties, including pollo plazero, chicken cooked with carrots and potatoes, and corundas, which resemble tamales covered in a tomato, onion and garlic sauce.

Perhaps the most unusual remnant of Morelian times gone by is the three-quarter-mile-long Calzada Fray Antonio de San Miguel, a tree-lined processional walkway completed in the mid-1700s that is paved with limestone and lined with stone benches. The Calzada connected the city to a shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, but now it’s a beautiful pedestrian causeway conducive to reflection as well as passionate encounters: It’s a favorite trysting zone for local adolescents.

The tour ended at the immense main cathedral, completed in 1744 after 80 years of construction. Upon entry, all eyes fix naturally on the gleaming, half-ton solid silver monstrance that sits atop the main altar. It was crafted in 1794, but revolutionary turmoil prompted church fathers to hide it in the cathedral basement for 140 years. It was finally returned to the main altar in 1950.

(The city tours, then offered every weekend by the Michoacan state tourism office, have been discontinued since our visit, but the staff recently assured me they would soon resume.)

The next morning, we went to the Michoacan Regional Museum, a remarkable storehouse of history that features my favorite Zalce mural over the stairwell. The allegorical representation, called “Cuauhtemoc and History,” depicts how the exploitation of Mexico and its indigenous peoples continued long after Hernando Cortes, the Spanish conquistador. In one of the museum’s upper rooms is a true curiosity, an anonymous wall-size 18th century painting that portrays the 1738 procession of cloistered nuns from Las Rosas to their new convent, Las Monjas, several blocks away. The painting shows how church laymen tried to shield the nuns, who were prohibited for life from any public contact.

The veil has long since been lifted. Religious orders have not occupied Morelia’s convents and monasteries since the late 1850s, when the reform movement under Benito Juarez stripped all religious orders in Mexico of their once-massive property holdings. Las Monjas has been turned into federal offices, its several interior patios perfectly accessible to tourists.

We cut our visit short to run to the Casa de Artesanias, the huge state-run handicrafts store occupying an entire building, a former monastery, next to San Francisco Church. The government sponsors contests among Michoacan’s craftspeople, with the winning products earning shelf space at the artisans’ shop.

There we saw an unbelievable variety of beautifully finished things from Michoacan towns: guitars made in Paracho, intricately designed hemp floor mats from Patzcuaro, baskets from Santa Cruz Tanaco, ceramics from Zinapecuaro and wooden masks from Ocumicho.

On our last night we visited Tzintzuntzan, half an hour’s drive from Morelia. There, under a full moon lighting Lake Patzcuaro and the archeological park’s five yacates, or pyramids, we saw a fiery juego de pelota in what was once a ceremonial court. Teams of 20 youths batted around an ignited pumpkin-size ball in a reenactment of the Purepecha Indian ceremony of “new fire,” traditionally held at the beginning of a new year after the use of fire had been banned for five days.

Somewhat out of breath but happy, we ended our four-day trip having just scratched the surface of Morelia and Michoacan. There will be return visits--I hope soon--to visit Michoacan towns on feast days, attend the August guitar festival at Paracho, and be in Morelia for the organ festival in May, when the cathedral’s 4,600-pipe instrument is played.

Still, we left having caught an unforgettable glimpse of Morelia’s rich history. And we accomplished our purpose in leaving the enervating capital city to see a part of Mexico with a living past but not overrun with tourists, one with a vibrant regional character but not at all isolated from the rest of the world.

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Guidebook: Old Mexico in Morelia

Getting there: You can fly directly to Morelia from LAX after stopping in Mexico City, or take a bus or rental car from Mexico City. Mexicana has one direct flight (with one stop) to Morelia daily, and several connecting flights. United and Aeromexico also have connecting service. Restricted round-trip fares begin at $430.

To Mexico City only, Delta, United, Aeromexico and Mexicana fly nonstop, with restricted round-trip fares beginning at $388.

From Mexico City, Morelia is a four-hour bus ride each way on the ETN line, leaving from the Observatorio bus station in the west central city. First-class one-way fare is $27 (which includes a sandwich and drink) on a luxury bus with air-conditioning, video monitors, headphones and restroom. Reservations: 011-5255-5567-9634. Cab fare into town from the new Morelia bus station is $5. Telephones: To call the numbers below from the U.S., dial 011 (the international dialing code), 52 (country code for Mexico), 443 (the city code) and the local number.

Where to stay: In the historic center, the Hotel Virrey de Mendoza is in a 17th century mansion fronting the main drag, Avenida 310 Madero Poniente, and opposite the Plaza de Armas; telephone/fax 312-0633, www.mexonline.com/hotelvirrey.htm. A double room is $115 per night with tax.

Those with ample budgets who want to be away from the bustle of the city center might consider the Hotel Villa Montana, 201 Patzimba, 314-0179, fax 315-1423, www.villamontana.com.mx, generously decorated with rustic antiques and located on a hill in the upscale Santa Maria neighborhood. Standard double rooms are about $200.

Where to eat: La Capilla, in the 200-year old Hotel Soledad, 90 Ignacio Zaragoza, 312-1889, had great corundas, typical Michoacan corn tamales, and pollo plazero, or chicken cooked with carrots and potatoes. Dinner entrees are $9-$14.

Good steaks and other traditional fare, including crepes filled with squash and covered in Oaxaca cheese, are available at Fonda Las Mercedes, 47 Leon Guzman, 312-6113. Entrees $5-$14.

For great seafood, try the restaurant at the Hotel Villa Montana (see above). Good value: Dinner for five, including wine and drinks, was $185.

An excellent place for breakfast is the restaurant on the roof of the Hotel Los Juaninos, 39 Avenida Morelos Sur, 312-0036. The restaurant offers a splendid view of the cathedral just to the west, which on clear days is framed by Mt. Quinceo to the north and Loma de Santa Maria to the south. Breakfasts range from $4.50-$8.50.

For more information: The Michoacan State Tourist Office, 79 Avenida Nigromonte at Madero Poniente, 317-2371, is well-stocked with maps and brochures. Or contact the Mexican Government Tourism Office, 2401 W. 6th St., Los Angeles, CA 90057; (213) 351-2069, fax (213) 351-2074, www.visit mexico.com.

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Chris Kraul, based in Mexico City, is a Times foreign correspondent who covers Latin America.