Predator shortage sends armadillos waddling north

For years, Lloyd Nelson laughed off reports that armadillos -- those armored, football-sized critters with the big claws and bigger nose -- had waddled into southern Illinois, the same place folks say they’ve seen cougars.

Folks weren’t fibbing about the mountain lions. Now Nelson knows they weren’t joshing about armadillos, either.

Since his run-in with an armadillo that was turning a woman’s flower bed into a crater near here three years ago, the Jackson County animal-control chief says he’s logged 13 sightings in this county alone. Most were dead along roads -- the stubby-legged kin of sloths and anteaters have poor vision and are no match for highway traffic.

“We’ve had armadillos killed on the road just about every year” since 2003, says Nelson, reflecting what wildlife specialists say is ample evidence that the creatures are nudging their way north from southern U.S. climes.

“We’ve got them in Nebraska; that’s as far north as we have any records,” said Lynn Robbins, a biology professor at Missouri State University. “They’re adapting, filling in so many places.”

To Robbins, the prehistoric-looking armadillo -- Spanish for “little armored thing” -- is here to stay.

Exactly how many of Texas’ official state mammal have made their way into the Midwest remains elusive. But observers say the remarkable advance may have been aided by the region’s lack of predators and the abundance of favorable habitat such as forests and river valleys.

Milder winters have helped too; armadillos have little body fat, don’t hibernate and rely on their noses to root out beetles, grubs and earthworms.

“All the evidence, the sightings and the number of roadkill would indicate that their numbers are increasing,” said Clay Nielsen, a wildlife ecologist at Southern Illinois University in Carbondale.

Just how they’re getting here isn’t clear. Some may have been released by people, either as pranks or by folks second-guessing the sensibility of having them as pets. Others suspect the nocturnal animals are master stowaways, freeloading rides north on barges or railroad cars.

Or “maybe they’re coming from Missouri on their own four feet,” perhaps using bridges to conquer the Mississippi River separating that state from Illinois, says Joyce Hofmann, senior research scientist with the Illinois Natural History Survey’s center for wildlife and plant ecology in Champaign. “This is just the direction they’re headed.”

So it goes for the armadillo, which forayed into the Lone Star State across the Rio Grande from Mexico in the 1800s, eventually spreading across the Southeast. There, they’ve been common roadkill -- jokingly described by some as “possums in a half shell” -- and a burrowing nuisance to homeowners, cemetery caretakers and golf course superintendents.

“They move a lot of dirt,” Robbins says.

Armadillos have been known to carry leprosy, but cases of that disease being transmitted to humans are rare. “I don’t think many people pick up armadillos,” Hofmann says.

Prolific diggers, the animals are far more of a health nuisance with their chronic rooting, posing risks to humans, cattle and other wildlife who may step into their holes. Then there’s the smell.

“They stink,” Nelson says, “and they urinate and defecate like any animal does when they’re stressed. They’re kind of nasty creatures if you ever get close.”

Wildlife enthusiasts are using the northward march of the armadillo as an opportunity to educate others about the animals, which during the Great Depression were known as “Hoover hogs” by down-on-their-luck Americans -- who ate them.

A casual search of the Internet shows plenty of recipes available for such dishes as armadillo casserole, armadillo in mustard sauce, armadillo in cream sauce, and armadillo and rice.